Situational analysis Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Grill’d is another example for how successfully a marketer can anticipate needs and thus seize marketing opportunities. It has been a major reason why Grill’d is Australia’s one of the fastest growing hamburger retail networks (dcstrategy. com, 2012). It not only anticipated the customer needs for burgers, but also the latent customers’ seeking of quality, fresh and fine ingredients for food or related items available in the market. The Market Situation As noted by the 2007 CEO of Grill’d, Simon Crowe, the company mainly appeals to a wide spectrum of customers, being the primary targeted market as people between the ages of 21 and 28. Quite specifically, this generation highly particular about fast food and are becoming greatly familiar with fast food concept, but are health conscious too. Grill’d is targeting this generation since they want food that is adult-oriented with a concept of ‘fun-food designs’ and they expect it from reliable brand (The Australian, 2007). A target market comprises of set of buyers who share common needs, characteristics or features that the marketer decides to serve them (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Situational analysis or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now 199). Buyers have unique needs and wants that the company target them with certain product or service can measure the utility and value of these needs and wants in terms of money. ‘Local Matters’ as seen highlighted in the website of Grill’d underpins the marketing concept of ‘local marketing’ which is undoubtedly a growing trend, often termed as grassroots marketing, among strategic marketers. The company gives back to the local people by supporting them from all walks of life and standards. Community donation program is an important segment of that. Over a year, the company is likely to donate around 1000 groups (Local Matters, 2012) and that leaves significant value and reputation of the brand among the local community people. Local Marketing is leading to marketing programs that can be tailored to needs and wants of local customers who find the company in trading areas, neighborhoods etc. Kotler and Keller (2006, p. 244) stressed that local marketing is a highly successful strategy that comprises of programs and marketing activities to concentrate on getting as close and personally attentive to customers as possible. It is typically experiential marketing since it promotes a product or service by connecting it with unique and interesting experiences among local people rather just communicating what the product or service is.

Development For An Adolescent Heading Into Young Adulthood

Socioemotional development for an adolescent heading into young adulthood can be a very complex and difficult stage to grasp and to fully understand especially if they are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). Having emotions of affection towards someone of the same-sex can be quite confusing when you are coming into adulthood. Many questions and many more emotions arise when trying to deal with the situation. Now, throw in some religion and what do you get? Chaos, fear and even more confusion. One man and one women is how it always supposed to be, right? Am I going against what the Bible says or even how I was raised? What do I do? What would my friends and family think? WHAT ABOUT MY PARENTS? Should I â€Å"come-out† or keep this a secret? As an adolescence raised in a society that is well-known for its traditional values of only one man and one woman, they begin to question and challenge the very existence of those values as they come into early adulthood. In today ’s society, LGBT adolescences’ coming into young adulthood are becoming more exposed to discriminations against LGBT such as those of North Carolina’s new anti-LGBT law or the even more extensive bill that was recently passed in Mississippi that would protect and encourage business owners in the state to discriminate against people of the LGBT community. How would this effect a young LGBT adult coming into the workforce? For my Signature Assignment, I will be focusing on the socioemotional development onShow MoreRelatedEssay Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development1026 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle childhood, is a very exciting time for young children from the ages of seven to twelve years old. It’s known as the school years and new social and cognitive traits are being learned at home and at school. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory found this to be the latentcy period in which no much happens. He described this because children at this age sexual and aggressive urges are repressed (Stages of Growth Development, 1898-1987). This paper will also discuss the changes from middleRead MoreEarly and Middle Adulthood1210 Words   |  5 PagesEarly and Middle Adulthood Marianne Williamson said, â€Å"In our society, as people pass out of young adulthood, they tend to relate to themselves more in terms of what they are no longer than what they are now, and that’s psychologically low-grade devastating†. As we age, we tend to look at the future, that growth with fear or trepidation. We mourn the loss of our â€Å"youth† rather than embrace the new changes we are heading toward. These changes we will experience are vast and necessary for each stageRead More Middle Adulthood Essay853 Words   |  4 Pageswrinkled and bald, they don’t recognize youquot;. -Bennett Cerfnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Middle adulthood begins at the age of 40 - 60. This is a time when you can’t believe where the time went. It seems like just yesterday you were graduating from college, got married, and had children. Your children are now approaching young adulthood, pushing you into the next stage of life, middle adulthood. You look in the mirror and all the signs of middle age are starting to set in. You notice wrinklesRead MoreCriminal Crime : A Crime, Assault, Burglary, And Assault1476 Words   |  6 Pageswhy they act in the manner that they do. The purpose of this paper is to justify as to why juvenile offenders should only be tried as adults in acts of murder. A crime committed by children is a genuine and developing plague. â€Å"The figures for adolescents carrying out law violations that are heterogeneous or non-genuine mirror those of guilty parties between the ages of eighteen and twenty† (U.S. Branch of Justice/ FBI actuality document). Any study can demonstrate the same truths that juvenilesRead MoreAdolescent Years1927 Words   |  8 PagesAdolescent Years Paper Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 11 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. The beginning of adolescence is usually marked with the beginning of puberty. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or practically nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is filled withRead MoreTeenager Is A Teenager, An Exciting, Scary, Horrible, And Overall Stressful Time1483 Words   |  6 Pagesused to be. Teenagers dream of doing cool things away from their parents and gaining a whole new level of independence that all begins when they turn about 13. That is actually a naà ¯ve view of what becoming a teenager is really all about. When an adolescent enters their teenage years, puberty begins. The body goes through major growth spurts that affect the body and mind. Boys will shoot up in h eight and develop a deeper-toned voice leaving them to feel like a man. A girl’s body will fill out as theyRead MoreAdolescent Self-Portrait Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Self-Portrait December 1, 2014 BSHS/325 Maria Perrotta Adolescent Self-Portrait From the time an individual is born, they are facing continual growth and changes. Upon reaching adolescence, an individual will face many changes quickly that affect feelings and personality. Males and females face the same milestones, yet, are affected and changed by them differently. What It Feels Like To Be a Teenager Being a teenager is an exciting, scary, and overall stressfulRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development And Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Theory1081 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will describe my personal romantic experience that left a big impact in my life and shaped me to become who I am today. Paper will discuss Erikson theory of psychosocial development and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and how it correlates with my life experience. Introduction Most of the time romantic experiences during our adolescence are short and superficial and at times this assumption would be true. Duration of romantic experience during the adolescence time areRead MoreMy Father Was An Active Member Of The Marine Corps Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pageslived with her parents for almost the first six years of my life. My grandparents were like a second set of parents for me, and they did everything for me. My father had asked my mom to be with him and move down to South Carolina, but my mom was so young and afraid to leave for many reasons. After my father was discharged from the Marines, he moved back to Grand Rapids to be with my mom. In April of 2004, they were married. Since then, my relationship with my father has improved and his presenceRead MoreAdolescent Development2890 Words   |  12 Pagesfrom the time they are born until they grow old and die. Originally beginning with infants and children, development will subsequently progress into adolescence, followed by adult, and lastly elderly. The development occur in many fields, namely physical, perceptual, cognitive, moral and social. Adolescence Overview Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. It generally refers to a period ranging from age 12 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social

Pro-Slavery Argument Free Essays

Pro-slavery The main issue in America politics during the years of the late 1840’s to the late 1870’s was slavery. Southerners wanted to keep the tradition of slave labor alive, and were Justifying slavery in any way possible; issue of slavery was a continuing debate in the 1800’s. James Henry Hammond, John C. We will write a custom essay sample on Pro-Slavery Argument or any similar topic only for you Order Now Calhoun, and William Joseph Harper were some of the men most famous for propagating the pro-slavery argument. Slavery was the economic foundation in the southern states during the 1800’s. The efenders of slavery in the south had several arguments that they used to rationalize slavery. One argument was that ending slavery would destroy the economy in the south. Another pro-slavery argument was that slavery was a natural state of mankind since it has existed throughout history. The southern states to this day are the agricultural surplus for all of the United States crop production. For centuries, slaves were the most efficient and cheapest way to produce and harvest crops. The economic and political advantages of slaves are what ultimately allowed southern itizens to survive. During the late 1830s through early 1860s, the pro-slavery argument was at its strongest (â€Å"The Proslavery Argument†). After the Civil War, freed slaves often returned back to plantations in search of money, because they did not have the resources to continue. If slavery was not abolished they would remain as property of the owner and would not have starved or been forced to work in low paying Jobs. Even though they did not have the best living and working conditions, they at least were given enough to survive. While I agree slavery is an ill moral, the concept of slavery is an economic plus. Furthermore in 1837, John C. Calhoun gave a speech promoting the â€Å"positive good† outcomes of slavery while also declaring slavery was â€Å"instead of an evil, a good – a positive good† (â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument†). Today, top nations exploit third world countries resources and economic stability due to the fact they are unable function without exporting. Countries such as China, Taiwan, Thailand, and most countries in Africa, exploit children and women to roduce factory goods for little or no money. With that process occurring, China is expanding and will possibly become one of the next top super nations. Chinas explorations of its citizens allowed the countries expansions, which will ultimately develop the country Just like the United States. While Africa’s resources, such as precious metals, are being metaphorically robbed by other nations. Countries will buy their resources for almost nothing, while they are being produced by low paying workers. Although the top nations have abolished slavery, they still manipulate the countries that use slavery. This process allows countries to outsource their money in return of large profits. â€Å"Southern pro-slavery theorists asserted that slavery eliminated this problem by elevating all free people to the status of â€Å"citizen†, and removing the landless poor (the â€Å"mudsill†) from the political process entirely by means of enslavement† (â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument†). Works Cited â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument Boundless. Boundless. O How to cite Pro-Slavery Argument, Papers

I Will Never Back Down Essay Example For Students

I Will Never Back Down Essay All of my life, I have disliked reading a long book just to get a simple message from it. Reading was a weak area in school for me; I was more of a math and science kind of kid. I was always interested in finding the right book for me because I knew there had to be something out there that would interest me. I knew it was just a matter of time until I found that book, even though I wasn’t exactly on the lookout for it. One day I came a crossed a book about my favorite football player Tedy Bruschi which would change my whole outlook on the concept of reading. My mom would always encourage me to read because that’s what she enjoyed doing. I was always too busy to just sit down and read a book. Between football and year round basketball reading really was one of my last priorities when I had free time. With the free time I had I liked to play video games and hangout with friends. I still remember the nights my mom would have to force me to read a book that I had an assignment due for the next day. At such a young age I thought it was torture but I knew I had to get it done in order to do well in school. One morning in English class I walk in to find a book on my desk. In confusion I asked a friend next to me, â€Å"where did this book come from? â€Å"Mr. Burger gave them to us to read this quarter â€Å" he said. Scratching my head in disbelief Mr. Burger announces to the class â€Å"The first 20 pages are due tomorrow morning and there will also be a quiz. At this point I start to worry about getting the reading done knowing later that day I had a 3 hour long basketball practice to attend. I also knew if I waited to get the reading done until after practice it would never get done due to my lack of interest and fatigue from a long day. So that day as soon as I got home from school, yet dreading every bit of it I started reading the book Twisted. After reading the first 20 pages of the book I still found myself very uninterested already. The story was about this average high school guy who had average looks, was a average student, and had an average dysfunctional family. The book was also about this average guy getting caught spray painting graffiti on his school this giving him outdoor work all summer. The next day in school Mr. Burger gave us the quiz he had promised to give us the day before. â€Å"You have 20 minutes to complete the quiz and turn it in, â€Å" he said. So I began the quiz confident that I was going to do well on it until I got to the last 2 problems. I started to think about why I didn’t know the answer to these questions then it finally hits me near the end of the 20 pages I had completely blanked everything out, and that’s where these questions came from. After the quiz Mr. Burger went over all the answers, but also answered questions students had. Once I heard the answers to the last few problems I was very disappointed that I could not remember them. A couple months later we finally finish one of the most boring, uninteresting books I had ever read. I ask the girl sitting next to me â€Å"how did you like reading the book? â€Å"I didn’t really like the beginning but I thought it was a great book† she said. I just could not understand how some people enjoy reading books. I was just happy to finally be done reading that book. Later that week we had a test over the entire book. I knew if I did not study for this test I would for sure fail it. So just when I thought I was done reading, I have to review all the main parts of the story, and try my hardest to remember parts I blanked out while reading. That night I stayed focused, and reviewed the entire book from cover to cover. Making sure I wasn’t missing anything so I would do well on the test. .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .postImageUrl , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:hover , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:visited , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:active { border:0!important; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:active , .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96 .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f440b56fc203d4b815fbe1450138c96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harem: The Power Within EssayWhen I was finally done with reviewing the book I started feeling weary, so I passed out. The next morning I get the test and it felt like I knew every single answer on it. I was very confident that I would get a good grade, but also proud of myself remembering the main parts of the story. Later that day I went online to check my score on the test I had took earlier, and very proud of myself I see I got an 85% on the test. I knew that the hard work would pay off even if I didn’t like the book. This gave me confidence that even if I didn’t like the book I could still read and understand it. The next weekend my team and I took a trip to California for a big basketball tournament. As we got deeper into the tournament, the closer we were to going to Disneyland and California Adventure. With every win I felt like our team improved, we won the first 4 games of the tournament, and we were on our way to the championship game. The next day in the championship game near the end of the 1st quarter I went up for a layup and came down on my ankle wrong. I had torn my growth plate in my right ankle, so my ankle swelled up like a softball and turned a dark purple color. So from the sideline I had to watch my team take on the best team in the tournament without me. In the 4th quarter with about 10 seconds left my team was ahead by 2 but the other team had the ball. I didn’t want to watch as one of the top ranked kids in California at the time was dribbling the ball up court. All you could hear was a swish and the crowds cheers, I took a look at the score board the time was double zeros and we had lost by 1 point. Even though I had hurt my ankle I really wished I could’ve helped my team pull out the victory. On the bright side my best friends and I got to cut to the front of the lines at Disneyland because of my injury. The next day my family and I were getting ready to go back home to Tucson, but we were interrupted by the hotel shaking, it felt like the hotel was going to tip over. An earthquake had hit, and I was stuck at the top level of the hotel with a broken ankle. I look around for my family, and they are nowhere to be seen. They had already gone downstairs to safety without me; I almost started freaking out because this was also the first earthquake I’ve ever witnessed. Later that day we were finally on out way back to Arizona something I would normally be dreading if I hadn’t just been stuck at the top of a tall hotel during a earthquake. On our long drive home I decided to open a book my mom had bought me that she thought would interest me. The title was Never Give Up a documentary on my favorite football player of all time and a former U of A football star. The book was about Tedy Bruschi getting a mild stroke in 2005 that left a small hole in the wall separating left and right atria from his heart. Most players after an injury of that caliber would retire almost immediately. But Bruschi was not just another football player he was one of the strongest willed men to ever play the game of football! Only one year later in 2006 Bruschi had returned to the football field and was also named defensive captain for the New England Patriots. This book had me not wanting to put it down; I was so interested in how a football player could go through a stroke, but still play at the high level that he played at before the stroke. I still can’t believe that a man could go through a stroke and still be in the physical shape to play in the NFL. .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .postImageUrl , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:hover , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:visited , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:active { border:0!important; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:active , .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770 .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77a5a191e45ce300cbf1baaa608ba770:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayI know not everyone can come back and play football after a heart attack, but Bruschi was just one of those special cases of not wanting to give up his dream because of a bump in the road. I truly admire Tedy Bruschis desire to never give up and his fight against the odds of him returning to play football in the NFL. Everyone had their doubts when they first heard the news that Bruschi was going to make a comeback to football after having to sit a year out due to a heart attack, but when Bruschi ran on to the field in 2006 he shocked everyone, even myself. Bruschi went on to play 3 more years in the NFL before finally deciding to retire from the league in 2009. Bruschi retired with 3 super bowl rings and a NFL comeback player of the year award in 2006. After he retired from the NFL he started working with ESPN as a football analysis. Bruschi is one of the greatest linebackers of all time and will forever be remembered for what he did on and off the football field. He will forever be the man that overcame adversity and a stroke to come back to play in the NFL. Bruschis book showed me that I could be interested in reading a book. It also made me realize that no matter what happens hard work will pay off in the long run. It doesn’t matter what type of problem you run into as long as you are willing to work diligently and not wait for the problem to resolve itself. This book made me realize that I do actually like to read, but it is all about finding your book of interest. It also showed me to never give up because Bruschi never did when he had a stroke, why would I ever give up on something as easy as reading a book I do not like

The Odyssey And The Pearl Loyalty Essay Example For Students

The Odyssey And The Pearl: Loyalty Essay The Odyssey And The Pearl: Loyalty Essay Loyalty to another person or to a cause may be an admirable trait, but it can lead to either positive or negative consequences. In Homers epic The Odyssey and John Steinbecks novel The Pearl there are characters that show great examples of this trait. Penelope in The Odyssey and Juana in The Pearl are the most obvious, although there are many. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey and Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey. We will write a custom essay on The Odyssey And The Pearl: Loyalty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To ward off suitors that were beckoning for her hand, she made them a promise that as soon as she finished weaving a gift for her father, she would take one of their hands in marriage. Nightly, unbeknownst to the suitors, she would unravel her work, so that she could remain faithful to Odysseus. Also, Penelope promised her hand to the suitor who could meet a test. Penelopes test was to string Odysseus bow and then shoot an arrow through the eye of twelve ax handles. Penelope knew that only Odysseus could accomplish this task. By doing this, she avoided having to marry one of the suitors. Staying loyal to Odysseus brought about positive consequences to Penelope. She was reunited with her beloved husband Odysseus. Kinos wife Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Although it was her belief that the pearl was an omen of evil, she loyally stayed at her husbands side. Juana remained loyal to Kino even after he had savagely beaten her. She knew that she had brought it upon herself and it was her place to accept the beating. Also, Juana vowed not to leave her husbands side when he decided to flee from the town after murdering one of the townspeople. She made the treacherous journey with her husband across a desert trying to outrun the men that pursued them. Negative consequences were the outcome of Juanas loyalty to Kino. Her loyalty caused her to lose all that was common and dear to her, including her only child. Loyalty to another person or to a cause may be an admirable trait, but it can lead to either positive or negative consequences. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey and Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Penelope refused to remarry while Odysseus was on his long absence, and Juana never left Kinos side. Loyalty is a trait found in most humans, and if used in moderation can have very positive consequences. . The Odyssey and The Pearl Loyalty Essay Example For Students The Odyssey and The Pearl: Loyalty Essay The Odyssey and The Pearl: Loyalty Essay Loyalty to another person or to a cause may be an admirable trait, but it can lead to either positive or negative consequences. In Homers epic The Odyssey and John Steinbecks novel The Pearl there are characters that show great examples of this trait. Penelope in The Odyssey and Juana in The Pearl are the most obvious, although there are many. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey and Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey. We will write a custom essay on The Odyssey and The Pearl: Loyalty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To ward off suitors that were beckoning for her hand, she made them a promise that as soon as she finished weaving a gift for her father, she would take one of their hands in marriage. Nightly, unbeknownst to the suitors, she would unravel her work, so that she could remain faithful to Odysseus. Also, Penelope promised her hand to the suitor who could meet a test. Penelopes test was to string Odysseus bow and then shoot an arrow through the eye of twelve ax handles. Penelope knew that only Odysseus could accomplish this task. By doing this, she avoided having to marry one of the suitors. Staying loyal to Odysseus brought about positive consequences to Penelope. She was reunited with her beloved husband Odysseus. Kinos wife Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Although it was her belief that the pearl was an omen of evil, she loyally stayed at her husbands side. Juana remained loyal to Kino even after he had savagely beaten her. She knew that she had brought it upon herself and it was her place to accept the beating. Also, Juana vowed not to leave her husbands side when he decided to flee from the town after murdering one of the townspeople. She made the treacherous journey with her husband across a desert trying to outrun the men that pursued them. Negative consequences were the outcome of Juanas loyalty to Kino. Her loyalty caused her to lose all that was common and dear to her, including her only child. Loyalty to another person or to a cause may be an admirable trait, but it can lead to either positive or negative consequences. Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus while he was on his twenty-year journey and Juana stayed by her husband through his time of distress. Penelope refused to remarry while Odysseus was on his long absence, and Juana never left Kinos side. Loyalty is a trait found in most humans, and if used in moderation can have very positive consequences. .

Analysis Of Gangs Essays - Crime, Criminology, Urban Decay, Gangs

Analysis Of Gangs Essays - Crime, Criminology, Urban Decay, Gangs Analysis of Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang's perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang exiezce as acceptable. 'The Ends Justifies the Means' mentality is also taught through many shows where the "goody guy" captures the "bad guy" through violence and is then being commended. A young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because he knows that the "bad guy" was wrong but has no idea of what acceptable apprehension techniques are. Gore in television also takes a big part in influencing young minds. Children see gory scenes and are fascinated by these things that they have not seen before. Older viewers see gore and are not concerned with the blood but rather with the pain the victim must feel. A younger mind doesn't make this connection. Thus a gore fascination is formed, and has been seen in several of my peers. Unfortunately kids raised with this sort of television end up growing up with a stronger propensity to becoming a violent gang member or 'violent- acceptant' person. "Gangs bring the delinquent norms of society into intimate contact with the individual."1, (Marshall B Clinard, 1963). So, as you can see if TV leads a child to believe that violence is the norm this will manifest itself in the actions of the child quite, often in a gang situation. This is especially the case when parents don't spend a lot of time with their kids at the TV explaining what is right and what is wrong. Quite often newer books and some types of music will enforce this type of thought and ideas. Once this mentality is installed in youngsters they become increasingly prone to being easily pushed into a gang situation by any problem at home or elsewhere. For inezce, in poor families with many children or upper-middle class families where parents are always working, the children will often feel deprived of love. Parents can often feel that putting food on the table is enough love. Children of these families may often go to the gang firstly out of boredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on, a form of love or kinship develops between the gang members and the child. It is then that the bond

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Which social groups are marginalized, Essay

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Which social groups are marginalized, excluded or silenced within the text - Essay Example Africa, as portrayed in this book, is the direct opposite of the civilised continent of Europe where civilised human beings live. In writing his book, Conrad makes use of Marlow’s character to give voice to his own feelings about the inhabitants of the Congo. He compares the civilisation of Europe to the ‘uncivilised’ existences of the Congo’s inhabitants and shows Marlow moving into an oasis known as the ‘Outer Station’ to lend further meaning to this subject. The Outer Station is situated in the coast of Africa, and is administered by white Europeans who force African natives to perform most of the drudgery connected with running the outfit. Once Marlow reaches the oasis’ shores, he glimpses the darkness in the atmosphere of the place as well as in its inhabitants. The African natives whom Marlow encounters are depicted as sub-humans or animals. They are marginalised by the author in that they are not given a chance to explain their pr edicament. Nor are their feelings on being forcibly pushed to work away from their homes expounded upon. Rather than seeking to invoke pity for the wretched creatures that have been turned into slaves, the author strives to provoke apathy in the reader by stating that the natives ‘sat near the same tree in acute angles. ... In essence, the writer succeeds in changing Africans into irrelevant entities in such a way that the reader learns to adopt the position of the writer in ignoring the fact that they are human beings. In places in the novel where the derogatory names are not being used, there is a patronising tone used by the colonialists towards the natives. The author appears to try and convince the reader of the stupidity or idiocy of Africans in asserting through his European characters that the Africans had to have simple concepts explained to them in very childish ways, such as an analogy of the boiler tender, to understand matters such as the European work ethic. Naturally, the author neglects to mention that Africans worked in their own plots of land and fully understood what work was even before the White man reached their shores. The author also neglected to mention that the Africans may have been reluctant to work for the White man because they were being forced to do it for hardly any real wages. All through the book, the African natives are identified as savages. This is done without explaining to the reader what would make an entire ethnic group savages; apart from the refusal to work when they are told, as they are told, in their colonial masters’ lands- which had been stolen from the natives. In truth, it is the white people in the book who proved to have even more qualities of savagery than they accused the African natives off. To further encourage the perception of African natives as semi-human creatures, the colonial masters would often fire their rifles into the jungle for no apparent purpose. The reader is also informed that the natives had revolting customs

Banking and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Banking and Finance - Essay Example Interest on the bond is provided every six months and the principle amount is given at the maturity date. Generally, bonds are issued by the corporation and government bonds are differentiated according to the payment of interest, the market they are issued in, the currency they are to be paid in and the legal status etc. Corporate bonds can be purchased through the security market. Company bonds provide high rate of interest but have more risks as compared to the government bond. While selecting the bond, the risk tolerance of the investor should be taken into consideration. Those who are ready to bear risks, can invest in corporate bonds and those who cannot afford any risks, can choose the government bond. â€Å" The credit risk associated with bonds range from relatively safe Treasury bills to extremely risky junk bonds to corporations or countries that are in a questionable financial position† (What are the Different Types of Bonds Available?, 2009, para. 4). The various kinds of bonds are as follows: Zero Coupon Bonds: The zero coupon bonds are those which became famous recently Zero coupon bonds are those bonds on which the companies do not provide the interest but issue the bonds at a discount rate with comparison to the maturity value. The difference between the issue price and the maturity value represent the return or interest. This can be explained through the following example: Suppose the company issues bonds at a value of $200 for each bond during a period of 5 years. Under zero bonds, the investor would not get interest on his investment but at the end of the particular period he will get $220 for each bond. It would then constitute the gain or interest on his investment. As per this, The issue price of bond = $200 Maturity value of bond = $220 Here $20 represents the gain or interest of investment Fixed Income Bonds: Fixed bond is a long term debt paper in which the rate of interest is fixed in advance. Under fixed income bonds, the inve stor would get a fixed and constant return on his investment at a regular interval and at the time of maturity, he will get the principle amount. Fixed income bonds provide safety to the investor on his investment, so these are preferable to those investors who would like to get stable return on their investment. Mostly state and central government issue this kind of bonds and these bonds are treated as a high safety investment. â€Å"The central or national governments also have the power to print money to pay their debts, as they control the money supply and currency of their countries† (Government Bonds, n.d., para. 2). Example: Consider an investor who makes investment on 12% bonds having a face value of $ 150. Suppose he invested on 100 bonds. The investor would get interest rate as given below: Investor makes investment = 100*$150 = $15000 The rate of interest is 12% Return = 15000 * 12 /100 = $1800 Floating rate bonds: In case of floating rate bonds, the interest provi ded to the investors during their investment is not predetermined. Interests on such bonds are paid in fluctuating basis, from time to time, according to the benchmark price. Under such bonds, the interest rate is determined in accordance with the market interest rate along with some other external factors. â€Å"The amounts of these variable payments are determined by the current market interest r

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No Essay

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 - Essay Example Explaining the definition of the Centrist is necessary in order to discuss the type of political animal that best fits my political profile. Republicans, of course, are represented by the elephant while Democrats by the iconic donkey. As a moderate, the Centrist is more temperate, with values ranging in the middle of both sides of the most radical political values. If politics could be best compared to geography, the temperate Centrist might be represented by the kitten, an animal with the ability to bear its claws and scratch while also purring with a docile demeanor that is more submissive than aggressive. In Federalist 10, written during the birth period of the nation, the idea of establishing factions or allowing faction-style leadership to gain control is mentioned as a problem for society and for the political system and future growth of the country. The wiles of men, or their desire to build faction-style leadership without checks and balances, create the necessity to have multiple representatives in power to avoid faction-like control from maniacal groups or those who seek to build a country model based on tyrannical leadership or dictatorship. The remedy is acceptance of the Republic constitution with a moderated leadership fully representatives of multiple social views and political ambitions. This warns, basically, of the dangers of factions and creating a political system that could be overwhelmed by social and political angst over ideologies. Federalist 51 basically states the same thing, only more detailed regarding the problems posed when there are no checks and balances systems in government. To avoid these problems, creation of different political divisions, with different controls, avoids tyrannical leadership or faction leadership from corrupting the political machine. Further, the development of individual state powers, over that of the federal system, is a solution provided to ensure that

The strengths and limitations of duration analysis

The strengths and limitations of duration analysis As stated by the US Federal Reserve, interest rate risk impacts on a various range of stakeholders, and hence financial actors are interested in quantifying its impact. The most important practical tool to manage interest rate risk and to satisfy this main function for banks is duration analysis. In general duration Analysis is an econometric tool and in terms of Financial Economics it is defined as the mean length of time that passes until the present value is returned by a stream of fixed payments according to Macaulay (1938). Hence, Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of asset ´s prices to interest movements. My following essay defines duration according to Macaulay and presents special terms from the practice. Moreover, it considers immunization, hedging and Duration Gap Analysis as practical applications. The next part will discuss strengths and weaknesses of duration analysis. It concludes with todays importance of Duration analysis. There are two main reasons to study Duration according to Kopprasch (2006). Firstly, firms and especially financial intermediaries have tied up huge amounts of capital in fixed income instruments. These include bonds partly with optional characteristics or recent financial innovations like swaps, interest rate options or floaters. Hence, proper hedging of these instruments becomes important. Secondly, the key figure duration provides an intuitive approach to educate potential customers. This leads to a better understanding of financial instruments in general and how they behave when interest rates change. Bodie, Kane, Marcus (2006) Empirical studies and Figure 16.1 show six bond-pricing relationships: Firstly, theres an inverse relation between bond price and yield to maturity. Secondly, an increase in a bonds yield to maturity results in a smaller price change than a decrease of equal magnitude. Thirdly, long-term bonds are more sensitive than short-term bonds. Fourthly, interest rate risk, which is measured by the sensitivity of bond prices to changes in yields, is less than proportional to bond maturity. Fifthly, there is an inverse relationship between interest rate risk and bonds coupon rate, because a bond with a higher coupon rate pays a greater percentage of its present value prior to maturity. Sixthly, the yield to maturity at which the bond is currently sold is inversely related to the sensitivity of the bonds price to a change in its yield. This five observations were described Mankiel and are known as Malkiel bond-pricing relationships. The sixth property was demonstrated by Homer and Liebowitz (1972). Ingersoll, Skelton, Weil, (1978) stated that the key figure Duratio n can be interpreted as an attempt to quantify this qualitative observations through a single and numerical measure. The duration concepts has its origins in the work of Macaulay(1938), Samuelson (1945), Hicks (1939) and Redington (1952). Macaulay(1938) defined duration as the mean length of time that pass until the present value is returned by a stream of fixed payments. The proof that duration is an elasticity was provided by Hicks in 1939. This means that the price elasticity of a bond in response to an infinitesimal change in its yield to maturity is proportional to duration. But Fisher (2006) casts doubt on Hickss derivation. Nevertheless, his proof is generally acknowledged. Redington (1952) derived the duration independently and used it for portfolio immunization. The standard definition according to Macaulay is: subject to The weight is calculated by . In the special case of a zero bond, the duration equals the maturity, because no payments occur before maturity. Kopprasch (2006) mentions several different practical methods which are based on Macauleys duration and are used in practice. Effective duration is determined by the price movement to an incremental movement while holding the option adjusted spread constant. Option adjusted Spread (OAS) is a flat spread which is added to the yield curve in a pricing model and considers options like prepayments opportunities for mortgage backed securities. Hence, OAS is model dependent and incorporates volatility like variable interest rates or prepayment rates. Portfolio duration quantifies the Duration of a portfolio of different assets. It is based on the additivity of single durations. Additivity means that the duration of a portfolio is the weighted-average of the durations of the individual securities. The weights are the current market value of each security. The term Modified duration is calculated by the formula: Furthermore, the term partial durations or key rate durations is a vector of durations, where each duration is only valid for a limited maturity range. Spread duration recognizes that a change in the spread can affect the bond. This key figure was designed especially to value floaters which trade near par by definition. It often turns out that the market doesnt seem to trade the instruments with the predicted duration. Hence, empirical duration was developed to deal with these times. It is calculated by regressing price movements of the asset versus some market benchmark. The next paragraph considers two applications of duration in risk management: Hedging and immunization for a portfolio and Duration Gap Analysis. The change in an asset price due to change in interest rates can be calculated by: Fooladi (2000) describes that the realized rate of return encompass interest accumulated from reinvestment of coupon income and the capital gain or loss at the end of the planning period when the portfolio is sold. The two components impact the realized rate of return in opposite directions. Hence, in one point the two opposite effects of coupon reinvestment and capital gain or loss offset one another. When the portfolio duration equals the length of the planning period, the portfolio is immunized and the realized return will not fall below the promised rate of return. The second described application is Duration Gap Analysis which is an extension to the immunization approach, because it includes liabilities. A main function of banks is to provide maturity transformation. Hence, banks usually have short-term liabilities and long-term assets. As a consequence of this duration mismatch and shown by the third following equation, changes in interest rates have a direct effect on the banks equity value. The gap between the durations of the assets and liabilities ( is a measure of the interest rate risk of banks equity. Fooladi (2000) describes that banks may take modest bets by setting a duration gap or set the duration gap close to zero. The second equation shows how banks can adjust their duration gap by shifting weights on assets or liabilities. Bierwag and Fooladi (2006) specify that banks use off-balance-sheet securities like interest rate futures, options and swaps to reduce adjustment time and to save costs. Despite the shown strengths, there are weaknesses in duration analysis. As one can see in Figure 16.3, Duration is only valid for small changes, because the relationship between duration and price changes is derived by a first-order Taylor series approximation. Furthermore, Mishkin/Eakins (2006) criticise that interest rate changes have to affect all rates of maturities by exactly the same amount. Generally speaking, the slope of the yield shouldnt be affected at all and the yield curve is assumed to be flat. However, the shape of the yield curve fluctuates over the business cycle and consequently this expected slope change has to be considered. The mentioned partial duration and spread duration try to handle this shortcoming. Further problems involve uncertainty over the proportion of assets and liabilities. Estimates have to consider for example prepayment of loans, customer shifts out of deposits and uncertain cash payments due to default risk according to Fooladi and Roberts (2004). As Bierwag and Kaufman (1988) showed, default alters bonds cash flows and their timing. Additionally, one has to predict the stochastic process governing interest rate movements to value options. This can create a stochastic process risk which can be quantified by approaches to to measure interest rate volatility risk. Ho (2007) states that practitioners tie duration and vega measures which specify the sensitivities to the shift in the swap curve and the volatility surface, respectively. In his approach volatility risk is measured by the value sensitivity of an option to the change in the implied volatility function at the key rate points on the curve. Ingersoll, Skelton, and Weil (1978) argue that the assumed stochastic process to develop duration models is inconsistent with equilibrium conditions. Occurring large shocks to interest rates, riskless arbitrage became possible, but on the practical side the riskless-arbitrage argument seemed hypothetical. To overcome these weaknesses, Mishkin and Eakins (2006) mentions more sophisticated approaches such as scenario analysis and value-at-risk analysis and convexity which is a second-order Taylor series approximation and can be used as a correction measure. Paroush and Prisman (1997) strengthen this assumption and show that convexity (second-order) can be more important than the duration (first order). To put it in a nutshell, with increasing complexity of securities, myriad extensions have been added to the former duration analysis founded by Macaulay to handle the occurring risks. Furthermore, different duration measures face different assumptions about slope and shape of the yield curve or the stochastic process driving interest rates. One has to take in mind how accurate these assumptions are, because as seen in the recent financial crisis failures affect the entire economy, according to my starting statement. However, duration analysis is an adaptable framework and used carefully, a tool to get a first impression of interest-rate risk. Words: 1465

The Negro Leagues:History and Baseball Essay -- Baseball History Racis

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Over the decades, African American teams played 445-recorded games against white teams, winning sixty-one percent of them." (Conrads, pg.8) The Negro Leagues were an alternative baseball group for African American baseball player that were denied the right to play with the white baseball payers in the Major League Baseball Association. In 1920, the first African American League was formed, and that paved the way for numerous African American innovation and movements. Fences, and Jackie Robinson: The Biography, raises consciousness about the baseball players that have been overlooked, and the struggle they had to endure simply because of their color. HISTORY OF THE NEGRO LEAGUES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a more focused sense, the Negro Leagues were an alternative league all in its own. It was primarily established for African Americans so they could play baseball, since they were prohibited from experiencing any type or activity with whites. The reason this league was separate was because of the Jim Crow laws that had been enacted during the early 1900's, but in an opinionated note, I feel that whites simply didn't want to be outdone by their counterparts - African Americans. They basically stated that African Americans could not participate in any activity with whites, whether it is of public or unsocial nature. These laws displayed the mentality of the time, which inevitably filtered into the realm of baseball; at this point, segregation had gone so far as to prohibit any blacks from merely playing baseball with whites. It was not until 1933, when "a former pitcher, Andrew 'Rube' Foster, formed the first black league, called the Negro National League, which c ontained such teams as the St. Louis Stars, Pittsburgh Crawfords, Philadelphia Stars, New York Lincoln Giants, and the Newark Eagles." Then, "in 1937, the Negro American League was formed to rival the opposing Negro National League that consisted of the Memphis Red Sox, Kansas City Monarchs, Cleveland Buckeyes, Detroit Stars, and the Hilldale Daisies." (What Are†¦Leagues: Internet) The two leagues "continued to go strong until the color line was broken in 1947, when the great Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers." Because of this, "†¦the Negro National League folded following the 1948 season and the Negro American League [folded]†¦in 1960." (What Are†¦Leagues: Internet) Moreover, just... ...be an economic strength amongst the African American community. It was said, "By the end of World War II, when they were at their peak, the Negro Leagues were a two million dollar empire." (Conrads, pg. 9) In fact, it was "One of the largest black-dominated business in the country." (Conrads, pg. 9) In fact, it opened up new job opportunities for African Americans as the Negro Leagues gained popularity. It not only acquired money from the African American community, but also from the white community as well; white peoples were infatuated with the "show" that the African Americans put on for them - they thought African Americans playing baseball, was much like a sea - lion juggling. CONCLUSION Although there was a strong sense of inequality amongst the entire American society during this time, African American have prove to be aides in the process of making the game of baseball better for ht future, along with the mentality of the average American. "The African American teams were constant reminder that segregation and inequality existed." (Segregation in Baseball: Internet) What would baseball be without the greats such as Jackie Robinson, Willie Mays, or Ken Griffey Jr.?

Managing People Motivation Essay

Human resources are the Heart and soul of the organization. It is important that you should manage them effectively to optimize the full utilization of their talents. It is not enough to attract and retain talented people, you should motivate them to use their talents. Keeping an employee working at full potential is the ultimate goal of employee motivation. The employment contract provides a symbolic relationship between employers and employees. Employers expect employees to work hard, committed to the values of the organization, loyal and dependable, keep the work standards set by management, observe the rules and regulations and provide output in terms of product or services that are of good quality. Employees, on other hand that they should be rewarded well and equitably, treated fair and humanely, provide opportunities for career development and promotion given work that suits their abilities and have a happy and safe working environment. The success of the business is largely dependent upon the ability of the managers to motivate workers to achieve the high results. Managing people motivation is a must. Definition of Motivation Motivation is the internal condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior. Motivation Helps explain why people do the things they doo. Understandin motivation is a major concern f all managers. History of Motivation The oldest technique used to motivate others is known today as the Carrot and Stick method. The name evolved from the stubbornness of the donkeys that could only be moved by taunting them with carrots. Early managers regularly offered economic â€Å"carrots† to entice people to work harder. This theory created misconception that money always motivated people to work harder. The awakening field of psychology was looking for a new way to motivate people, and n short time, managers would begin looking for psychologist for new methods of management. On 1923 Elton Mayo made clear the inadequacy of the pure carrot and stick motivation. Performing an experiment Philadelphia textile mill, Mayo concluded that the reason for the low was hat spinners had low opportunities to communicate with one another. Financial incentives failed to increase productivity. Mayo felt that the solution to his productivity problem was change the atmosphere of the workplace. The introduction of (2) ten minute break for the spinners produced immediate results. Morale improved and output increase tremendously. The spinners experiment confirmed Mayo belief that it was important for managers take into the account the psychology and well being of the worker. The Era of Industry Psychology Douglas McGregor was one of the few Americans n the 1950s who believed that the workers actually cared about doing good work. Building tradition with roots in the early work of pioneers such as Elton Mayo, He questioned a deeply held assumption that guided managerial efforts for centuries. He and the other psychologist held the view that it was unfair and bad psychology. They argued that people’s skills, attitudes, energy and commitment are resources that can make or unmake the enterprise. This new era of industrial psychology led to a sensitive understanding of people and their symbolic relationship with organization. 1. Organization exist to serve human needs rather than the reverse. 2. People and Organization need each other 3. When the fit between individual and system is poor, one or both suffer. 4. A good fit benefits both.

Tom Clancys genius Essays - Ryanverse, Tom Clancy, Debt Of Honor

Tom Clancy's genius Essays - Ryanverse, Tom Clancy, Debt Of Honor Tom Clancy's genius English Tom Clancy's genius The Cold War and post Cold War eras have brought with them many interesting aspects. New technologies initially meant for mass destruction filter down into the civilian world, making current lives easier. One example of this is the anti-lock braking systems of todays cars. Originally designed to slow fighter-planes on landing without skidding, these systems make it safer for parents to take their children on vacation. One less noted advancement the eras brought is a considerable amount of exciting and forewarning fiction. While most authors chose to warn of nuclear and post nuclear holocaust, one significant author chose a different approach. Tom Clancy chose to write of conventional warfare and sometimes unconventional enemies. Between his novel Red Storm Rising and Debt of Honor, Tom Clancy makes evident the changing face of Americas enemies and threats, while staying true to issues that keep people interested in his books. Published in 1986, Red Storm Rising is Tom Clancys second novel dealing with the former Soviet Union as a potential enemy. This was a time when Americas finest tank and infantry units went on exercises in Germany fully armed with the expectation that the Russians could attack them at any time. This was also a time when the Soviets did the same exercises with the same amount of live ammunition. Therefore there was reason enough to worry about potential conflicts. Deep within the ocean waters, submarines played similar cat and mouse games with other submarines and surface ships. However some of these submarines were more dangerous then a whole army because they were fully loaded with nuclear missles. These facts were well know to the American public and made Red Storm Rising all the more real when it combined land and ocean warfare in a way that captivated millions of readers. The book begins as the Soviet Unions ability to provide their own oil is cut off by a terrorist attack. Right away it is noted that two very frightening events have just happened. Terrorism, for one, is a major scare tactic that can and does strike fear into millions. This was demonstrated by two suspected attacks in the U.S. recently (Bombing of Flight 800 and the Olympic Park bombing). Secondly, the threat of losing petroleum resources is enough to drive governments to drastic measures. This fact is evident in the worlds participation in the 1991 Gulf War. The leaders of the Soviet Union decided that the only way to prevent the total collapse of their economy and country was to seize the oil rich Middle East. They also realized that the countries that make up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in particular the United States would not stand for this hostile action. Consequently the Soviets determine that it will be necessary to neutralize NATO conventionally; that is to say without nuclear weapons. Of course, throughout the Cold War the many themes of the U.S.S.R. attacking the U.S are presented by various authors. All of these had the same result: nuclear holocaust. One exception is that Red Storm Rising is the first to present it (theme of U.S.S.R. attacking the U.S.) in a non-nuclear scenario. This is very intriguing to examine the possibilities which include all the new technological weapons in the American and Soviet arsenals. Red Storm Rising captivates audiences with its techno-wizardry of smart bombs and satellite guided cruise missles. It was like an arcade game. Big, slow-moving blips denoted the aircraft. Smaller, quicker blips were the Mach-2 missiles (Clancy 178). This was seen by a radar operator who was under attack during Red Storm Rising. However it is not the high tech gadgets that appeal to audiences of Red Storm Rising. There is a personable feel as the reader becomes better acquainted with the characters and sympathizes for them and the decisions they make. This is not the story of machines run by artificial intelligence, these are real people, friends, and neighbors of the reader. Bob Toland was a middle-level analyst at the National Security Agency. Hed left the Navy after six years whey the adventure of uniformed service had palled, but he remained an active reservist. His work at NSA dovetailed nicely with his naval reserve service. A communications expert with a degree in electronics, his current job eas monitoring Sovien signals gathered by the NSAs numerous listening posts and ferret satellites. Along the way hed also gotten a masters in the Russian language (Clancy 55). The description of Bob Toland could apply to anyone in the Washington D.C. area or any neighborhood across the

Free Essays on The Right To Die

Euthanasia The controversy of euthanasia has been debated for years. Is it immoral or just a way to help a person suffering? Both sides of this argument make good points, which make it even harder for one to decide. In the end, it is currently illegal in the states, but maybe this law should be changed. In â€Å"Euthanasia – A Critique† published June 20, 1990, Peter A. Singer and Mark Siegler argue against two of the main basis for euthanasia: relief of suffering and individual rights. Their reasoning against relief of suffering is that they feel a patient can be put out of pain without death. They feel with better pain management patients won’t feel this way. They also dispute that the fear of dying is tied into this. For this cause, the writers state that a person can opt to not be put on life saving devices allowing them to pass, without relying on euthanasia. As far as individual rights are concerned the people behind this article state that â€Å"(the right to die) must be balanced against the legal, political, and religious prohibitions against killing that have always existed in society generally and in medicine particularly† (Singer/Siegler 334). On the other hand, in â€Å"In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia† published in 1987, the writer, Sidney Hook, is for euthanasia for two main reasons. First, because he went through an ordeal where he asked to be allowed to die and he was denied that right. Now, even though he has recovered a lot, he still feels he’s gone through more than enough, and wishes he could just pass away. His second reason is because he doesn’t want his family to have to go through seeing him in a stage where he can’t function properly. He feels that he has â€Å"lived a full and relatively happy life, I would cheerfully accept the chance to be reborn, but certainly not to be reborn again as an infirm octogenarian. To some extent, my views reflect what I have seen happen to the aged and stricken who... Free Essays on The Right To Die Free Essays on The Right To Die Euthanasia The controversy of euthanasia has been debated for years. Is it immoral or just a way to help a person suffering? Both sides of this argument make good points, which make it even harder for one to decide. In the end, it is currently illegal in the states, but maybe this law should be changed. In â€Å"Euthanasia – A Critique† published June 20, 1990, Peter A. Singer and Mark Siegler argue against two of the main basis for euthanasia: relief of suffering and individual rights. Their reasoning against relief of suffering is that they feel a patient can be put out of pain without death. They feel with better pain management patients won’t feel this way. They also dispute that the fear of dying is tied into this. For this cause, the writers state that a person can opt to not be put on life saving devices allowing them to pass, without relying on euthanasia. As far as individual rights are concerned the people behind this article state that â€Å"(the right to die) must be balanced against the legal, political, and religious prohibitions against killing that have always existed in society generally and in medicine particularly† (Singer/Siegler 334). On the other hand, in â€Å"In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia† published in 1987, the writer, Sidney Hook, is for euthanasia for two main reasons. First, because he went through an ordeal where he asked to be allowed to die and he was denied that right. Now, even though he has recovered a lot, he still feels he’s gone through more than enough, and wishes he could just pass away. His second reason is because he doesn’t want his family to have to go through seeing him in a stage where he can’t function properly. He feels that he has â€Å"lived a full and relatively happy life, I would cheerfully accept the chance to be reborn, but certainly not to be reborn again as an infirm octogenarian. To some extent, my views reflect what I have seen happen to the aged and stricken who...

Classical Argument Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classical Argument Paper - Essay Example used for research and entertainment (Taylor 2003).Thus, animal rights aim to draw up a comparison between animals and humans, demanding equal rights for both. Changes have been made in the American constitution to support these animal rights. With the world developing a humane spirit, it has become necessary for politicians to support the movement no matter what the human cost. Amongst these are the Animal Welfare Act (2009) in the United States and the Animal Welfare Act (2006) in the United Kingdom. These welfare movements aim at checking the work done by all sectors of the country: agriculture, entertainment and clothing. The problem is that liberation should be given to those who are moral agents of a society. This argument aims to show that if this moral agent cannot claim the rights for themselves or respect the rights of others, the question that arises is how an animal can be expected to fulfill these objectives. So while it makes sense to show compassion to these creatures, how can they be afforded the same rights that they will not recognize or respect in anyone else? According to Roger Scrunton, human beings tend to focus on animal rights that are limited to their lives. Thus, according to this argument, individuals concentrate on those animals that live under their care. It is after individuals’ involved their moral sensibilities that these human beings are moved to take responsibility for the animals under their custody. Wild animals and plants are as beautiful and valuable to the ecosystem as those living under human care. Yet, little effort is made to protect these creatures compared to the efforts made to protect pets. While organizations like World Wide Fund move to protect animals on the verge of extinction, a greater deal is done for animals used for experimenting and kept at home. Thus, while fox-hunting is still permissible in many parts of the world, factory farming is prohibited. Apart from this philosophical argument there is also the

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME Essay

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR PROCESS ON REACTION TIME - Essay Example Consequently, it has been postulated that the principal anatomic structures affected by these disorders, namely, the cerebellum and basal ganglia are important in the effective running of the timing apparatus for these functions. The involvement of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia in the motor and perceptual timing has been documented by imaging of brain while performing various timing tasks, such as, repetitive and tapping maneuvers. This involves other parameters such as duration discrimination, velocity discrimination, rhythm discrimination, temporal discrimination, and time production and reproduction. Voluntary movements are prepared before they are executed. If there is an instruction stimulus, before the go cue, there would be a delay. With this concept, the reaction time can be defined as the latent period or time interval from the go cue to time of onset of movement. Reactions times are shorter when the delays are longer, suggesting there is some time-consuming preparatory process that is given a head start by this delay. Delay-period activity is typically tuned for the instruction and is therefore predictive of reaction time, and it is suspected that delay period activity is the substrate of motor preparation occurring at that time. A neural activity, if at all it is designed to generate movement must rise above a threshold to trigger the motor activity (Akkal, D., Escola, L., Bioulac, B., Burbaud, P., 2004). If there is an instructed delay, that could allow activity to attain threshold leading to reduction in the subsequent reaction time. If the motor system takes some time to rise to threshold, as is expected, higher firing rates would lead to shorter reaction times. Alternatively, the produced movement is a function of the state of preparatory activity after the trigger. For each probable movement, it is necessary that there would be a firing rate in the subspace that is optimal, optimal in the sense that it would be appropriate and sufficient to generate a sufficiently accurate movement. The time given for motor preparation thus therefore essentially is optimization that brings firing rates from their initial state to the appropriate subspace. This allows for a wait time for execution of the movement, and this wait time may lead to subtle drifts in the activity, but as long as firing rates remain within the optimal subspace, the motor preparation would remain complete. It can be predicted consequently that the delay period firing occupy a smallish subspace that is different and unique for each instructed movement. The reaction time is the time between the onset of a stimulus and the motor response to it. As a result, there would be a perceptual latency that is denoted by the time from stimulus onset to time of stimulus detection as well as in the motor time, which is the time it takes to perform the motor task. The motor process can vary from one to another individual depending on type, intensity, and the background of the stimulus. Subjective variations in motor process have been observed between individuals based on subject age, sex, educational levels, socioeconomic status, affective state, and attentional and arousal states (Doherty, J.R., Rao, A.,

The Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Law of Evidence - Essay Example In order to proceed further, it is pertinent to define the meaning of trick and understand whether that meaning falls into the conundrum of facts of the case. â€Å"A cunning or skilful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit someone. Intended or used to deceive or mystify, or to create an illusion.†1 To trick someone into something is to make the other person believe that he is showing him the true face of the situation, but, on the other hand he is infact putting him through a fake image of illusion and therefore cheating him to deceive him according to his whims and fancies. ... helps the accused as the departure from the strict procedure has been adopted by design with a view to securing the admission of evidence obtained by an unfair trick. As per the findings of Lord Cooper, "I can find nothing to suggest that any departure from the strict procedure was deliberately adopted ... in the present instance the irregularity ought to be ‘excused’.†150 The Privy Council, in its opinion delivered on an appeal from Kenya, mentioned, as a ground for excluding relevant evidence that it had been obtained by a "trick." 1:;1 Kingsmill Moore ]., admitting evidence of this kind in an Irish case, said: "I can find no evidence of deliberate treachery, imposition [or]deceit." 152 As a ground for rejecting evidence, the Supreme Court of Canada has pointed out: "Admittedly, the statement by the accused was procured by trickery, duress and improper inducements." Therefore, in the first instance, according to the precedents laid down by the Courts worldwide as well as the law in the PACE Act, it has been clearly stated that any evidence produced by putting the individual under a trick is negligible and liable to be excluded under the law. Thus David may be supported with the help of the same. 2. The Law governing the admissibility of the confession Section 82(1) of the PACE Act defines the law governing the admissibility of confession. The Section is as follows: â€Å"confession†, includes any statement wholly or partly adverse to the person who made it, whether made to a person in authority or not and whether made in words or otherwise†.4 According to the facts of the case, it is a clear cut proposition that David was oppressed into confessing that he knew about the stolen nature of the car radio. The Court should look at this situation from a holistic

Midterm Exam Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Essay 1. Cross-sectional study involves the observation of some subset of a population of items all at the same time. Groups can be compared at different ages with respect to independent variables. This study differs from the longitudinal study because it takes place at a single point in time. In a longitudinal study, the same observations are made over different periods usually spanning several years. This type of study looks into developments and trends across generations or life spans. Cross-sectional studies can be used when a researcher has time constraints; usually this method is done in expedition trips which look at a certain group in a matter of several weeks to months. One weakness of this approach is that it does not encompass the changes over time. This becomes the strength of the longitudinal method of study. It can trace the development of a certain phenomenon or fad thru its infancy up until the time it disappears, one downside though is that it required a lot of time and effort to complete. 2. Down syndrome is caused by an abnormal cell division of the 21st chromosome. The problem occurs when there is extra genetic material from the said chromosome and is responsible for the characteristic features and developmental problems of Down syndrome. Down syndrome has several symptoms or characteristics, most common of all are: flattened facial features, protruding tongue, small head, upward slanting eyes which are unusual for the child’s ethnic group, and unusually shaped ears. Down syndrome carries with it several risks which include heart defects, leukemia, and proneness to infectious diseases, dementia, and other problems such as gastrointestinal blockage, poor vision, or hearing loss. 3. One of the most striking risks of infants with low birth rates is that they have a 25% chance of dying before reaching the age of one. These infants also have increased risk of long term disability and impaired development, usually in terms of motor and social development. Cigarette smokers and black people are the ones which are most likely to have low birth weight infants compared to other social classes. 4. One of the most important benefits of breast feeding is that it is the best source of nutrition for the first six months of life. It contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and provides digestive enzymes, minerals, vitamins and most importantly, hormones that infants require. The milk from the mother also contains antibodies which shield the baby from infections. Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of ear infections, stomach infections, and digestive problems such as constipation, skin diseases, allergy problems, and hospitalizations during the first year of life. In addition, breastfed babies may have less risk of becoming overweight or developing high blood pressure, diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, and tooth decay. Breastfeeding in poor countries such as those in Africa is very important because infants that are not breastfed are 5 times more likely to die from infections in the first two months of life. This is important considering that these countries do not have proper medical care for these children. 5. Piaget discusses four important factors of cognitive change, namely the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. In the sensorimotor stage, infants are born with a set of congenital reflexes that allow them to float in the heavily dense world, in addition to a drive to explore their world. In the preoperational stage, children demonstrate sparse and logically inadequate mental operations, in this stage, the child learns to use and represent objects by images and words. There are two stages, the preconceptual and the intuitive. In the preconceptual stage, the child is marked by egocentric thinking and animistic though, while in the intuitive stage, the child starts employing mental activities to solve problems and obtain goals. In the concrete operational stage, the child learns how to use his/her logic in tackling problems; however, children can only solver problems that apply to actual objects or events. Finally, in the formal operation stage, the child acquires the ability to think abstractly and draw logical and reasonable conclusions from the information available. 6. Types of children can be described using Thomas and Chess’ model of temperament. One of these types are shy children, these children are more or less inactive, suffering from less predictable manner, have low distractibility, pulls back and cries when exposed to new things and strangers, not easily adaptive, low attention span, low levels of response, unfriendly behavior, and take little notice of changes in stimulation. Fearful children exhibit most of the negative criteria in the model of temperament, most obvious of which in their approach/avoidance. Fearful children tend to pull back and cry sometimes even if the said stimuli are reintroduced (meaning it has been seen by the child before). Aggressive children on the other hand exhibit such traits as an increased devotion to an activity, and have intense reactions when offered stimuli. 7. There are four attachment classifications, secure, anxious avoidant, anxious resistant and disorganized. In secure attachment, the amount of care is both consistent and sufficient giving the child security everytime the parent is around, even in the presence of strangers because the child knows that the parent is there to protect and guide him/her. In the anxious-resistant type, care given by the parent is not consistent because the child is often wary of strangers until the parents return, it means that the parent cares for the child, but is not around all the time. In the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment, the amount of care given by the parent is both inconsistent and insufficient given that the child ignores or avoids the parent. In the disorganized attachment, the care given is either classified by the child as frightening or comes from someone who is frightened. This is caused by either a frightened caregiver, or a very aggressive caregiver. 8. Three language development theories will be compared and contrasted, Chomsky’s language acquisition device, Piaget’s cognitive constructivism, and Vygotsky’s social contructivism and language. Chomsky and Piaget sees language as something which comes with birth, Chomsky and Piaget both focused on how the child developed a language, for Chomsky, he supposes that the ability to learn language is inborn in the form of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD). He was not able to take enough account of the influences of cognition and language have on each other’s development. In Piaget’s case, he argues that cognitive development preceded language. He focused more on the child’s cognitive development and attributes it the child’s way of representing their familiar worlds. While for Vygotsky, his main concern was the relationship between the development of thought and language, his theory melded together Chomsky and Piaget’s theory and combined them to form his theory that language is first a means of social communication, then gradually promotes both language and cognition.

Sales and planning activities

Sales and planning activities Introduction Sales and planning activities are type of sales and operation planning processes. These activities are type of integrated management process of business according to which it is a responsibility of leaders and the managers to continuously see various objectives to focus on. There is a proper alignment of the processes or the activities included under such plans. It is very much important formally align all the process of these activities in a routine because it keeps synchronization among all the people of the organization. Sales and planning activities are about forecasting the capabilities of various department of an organization. Planning is required for every department whether it is technical department, software building or software selling department. These kinds of activities provide an exact view of information flowing in the company. Sales plan is entirely a different thing. Sales activities are related to selling any thing from the company. There are planning phases for sa les activities as well. Sales activities require a proper research about the market that what type of market, people and up to which extent the sale will be profitable. There should be an appropriate analysis about each and every aspect for performing sales activities. There are several challenges that organizations face in case of performing sales activities. These business challenges are as follows: (Sales Planning Forecasting) Ø There has to have limited view of the sales and various programs related to marketing of the product or the company itself Ø There are situation in which it becomes difficult for the company to manage sales cycles in order to neglect surprises or various drawbacks that come because of the sales cycle Ø There is no idea to the company that what is the reason behind breakdown of sale in the industry Ø It is difficult for the company to prepare an excess inventory because there is no accurate forecast with the company which basically is an effect of manufacturing various products for the people which in actual they do not want Ø It is very important for any organization to take care of the sales plan because manufacturing, scheduling and planning activities Ø Effectiveness of various activities required for this purpose Body The Aggregate Operations Plan Aggregate operation planning basically works for converting a business plan which is made for annual quarterly basis into a form of border labor plan or output plan of around six months to eighteen months. Main objective of this aggregate plan is to meet various demands required to that respective period of time. It is very much required to convert a long term plan into an operational plan because it gives a view that how come operations of the company goes around. This is done in order to ensure that all the supplies made are done in the lowest cost possible. Hence it is necessary to make an aggregate operational plan. There are different types of plans used for this aggregate operational planning, like one year plans; they are called long range plans. With long range plans there are short range plan as well which talk about short period of time. There are some middle range plans as well which are of a period of six month to eighteen months depending about the requirement of the pla n. Purpose (how it seeks optimal combination of production elements) This part will discuss various purpose of aggregate operational plan. Purpose of the plan means that how can we make different combinations of different elements of production. This is an important issue because at the starting it is very much necessary that we require an exact knowledge about what is required in the plan and what do we have to do. The main purpose of the aggregate operational plan is to convert various long range plans into middle range plans and middle range plans into shorter range plans. Aggregate operational plans are important in solving various purposes because it talks about all the operations going on in the company or the organization. The main purpose of aggregate operational plan is that it links various strategic activities like strategic plan of the company and also activity and the capacity plan with bigger categories that come into planning activities like workforce in the organization, labor force, size of the organization and also the level of produ ction in the company. As the purpose of aggregate operational plan is important, as decision rule for making plans of various activities are selected then it is an important role of the aggregate demand plan for managing the things and this how inventory of all the activities in the company are maintained. (Aggregated Sales and Operations Planning) There are other purposes of aggregate operational plan as well. Aggregate operational plan will talk about how the management in the company is organized. It gives a proper scheduling of all the activities to be done in the company. There are various projects that are run in the companies for which there are different techniques to follow; there would be different number of work force required for the particular operation. Hence it becomes obligatory for the company to make operation plan in order to get the exact view of what are the requirements of each plan. Production Planning Environment Product planning environment talks about planning to done for the company in any kind of environment. We can talk about two different kinds of environments in this. They are product planning under dynamic environment and product planning under fixed environment. In both the cases, we are doing product planning but the environment under planning to be done is absolutely different. Situation under which plans are to be made for the company are of different types. First we will talk about production planning to be done in dynamic environment. There are various productions planning that we can see in the day to day life. An example of production planning in dynamic environment is done. We can take an example of any electronic product. When we talk about product planning activities, there are two steps that take most important place like fabrication and equipment assembly. These are the two important process of production planning. It is very important to have different environmental scanning of production planning environment because demands of the customers are really uncertain. None of the companies can expect what they can want. Only they know about that. High level of services has to be provided to the customers in order to get success in the market and for this purpose it is important to have production planning activities. Production planning environment is a significant thing of operation plan. A production planning environment gives suggestion to the planning of any activity about what needs to be done in order to get success. Planning is very important because without planning any thing would not be that easy because the numbers of activities to be running in a company at a time are infinite and it would be really difficult to carry on all the activities simultaneously without making operational plans or aggregate operational plans. (Stephen C. Graves, 1985) For production planning, there are various techniques that are used in any company. It is important to use techniques for planning activities because these techniques make work very easy for the company and it can spend more time in thing about these plans are orally making the plans so that plans are made with an efficiency. Production planning environment help in making this plan more efficient because these are reason behind changing plans for the same activities for different situations. There might be possible that for example company has to product a product in a city with a particular population. Let us suppose that population of the company does not increase in six months. After six months, there may be possible that the company is manufacturing lesser number of quantities of the product for same population. Reason could be Season Change. Hence we can not predict the environment so easily hence production planning is required according to the environment of the company. Relevant Costs Relevant costs of the aggregate planning vary according to the range of the plan or we can say bigger the plan higher would be the cost. Aggregate Planning Techniques There are various types of aggregate planning techniques that a company can adopt. They are as follows: Intuitive Aggregate Planning technique: In case of Intuitive aggregate planning technique we always use intuitive management, experience of various official of the company and thumb rules in order to get successful planning in the company. In case of intuitive planning technique, there are graphical methods and spreadsheets analysis is used for the planning activity. There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of this technique. The biggest advantage that we can see of intuitive aggregate planning is that it is very much easy to explain and there would not any difficulty to the higher management in order to explain planning phases of any activity. With easy in explanation, it is easier in use as well. Any one can use this technique and make the required plans. If we talk of the disadvantages of intuitive aggregate planning technique as well, main disadvantage we see is that there are various solutions which mean more than one solutions possible for the strategy or strategic planning not just one. Hence it become very much difficult to search for the optimal solution required for making the best plan. LEVEL PRODUCTION STRATEGY: Another strategy that we can talk of that is other technique is level production strategy. In this level product strategy, it is necessary to find various requirements about time that plan would take it always will keep a track on the schedule of the plan. With this it will give average time that will be required to make any plan. According to level product technique of aggregate operational planning Avg. requirements = total requirements opening inv. + closing inv. Number of periods Steps which is used in the level production aggregate planning technique are as follows: Entry of production data is done Determination of the production level at an instant. For this, firing or hiring needs to be done Inventory level is updated then If inventory level is out of the expected then recalculate the average level production which will be needed and again go to step no. 1. This acts as a recursive process For each of the categories on which we are working, calculate total for each requirement, inventory, hiring and firing and finally we get entire total In the last step we calculate the final cost Intuitive Mixed Technique: Under this technique, hit and try method is used for getting the solution for the planning activity. In this technique Excel is used in order to model the problem and in order to investigate which solution is most effective. An appropriate structure is used in order to find optimal solution. Excel Solver technique is used. Chase Technique: Chase technique is said to be one of the best techniques of aggregate planning. In this technique capacity of the company is adjusted according to the demand of the customers. Planning horizon is set so that work force and production schedule is adjusted according to the plans that are made. There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of this technique. Advantage of chase technique of aggregate planning is that in this kind of planning anticipation inventory is not necessary for the company while planning and investment in the inventory has a lower range. With this advantage there is another advantage that full utilization of resources and labor takes place in this technique If we talk about the disadvantages of chase technique of aggregate planning, money spent on adjusting various capacities like work force and others is very high which is not affordable by all the companies. Hence they try to avoid this technique. Another disadvantage is that it goes for a proper disaffection of the workforce. These are the two main disadvantages of chase technique of aggregate planning Level Approach: Level approach of aggregate planning is again the second best approach of aggregate planning. Under this technique, capacities like workforce, schedule of production and rate of outputs are constant for the entire period of the planning horizon. There are various advantages and disadvantages of this technique Advantage of level approach of aggregate planning is that there is an absolute stability in the rates of output and level of workforce Disadvantages are that investment for the inventory management is more than other techniques. Overtime for any job or idle time for nay work is more than normal techniques. There is variability in the resource utilization which means that there are times when resources are maximum utilized by the company but there are several situations when resources are not utilized by the company up to a mark able extent (AGGREGATE PLANNING) The necessity to balance between the Aggregate Demand the aggregate production capacity) This is necessary that there has to be a proper balance to be maintained between aggregate demand and aggregate production capacity. We will explain these terms of two different scenarios as examples. First we can give an example, let us suppose that aggregate demand in the market is more than what is produced by the company. In this scenario, it is true that company will not be able to satisfy the needs of the customers. Hence there will be fight for the products or services. Problems that occur because of this situation would be black marketing. Company will take an advantage of this scenario and will sell the product or services are a higher cost. Company will take more money for the same product which it used to take earlier. And problem would be that customer will have to pay the amount if it would not have the alternatives for the same. In the other scenario, we take an example where aggregate production is more than what ever is expected by the customers or what is needed by the customers. In this situation, company will produce more and market or the customers will require less because of which company has to stop the production or there may be possibility that product that has already been used by the customers and rest of the product will get wasted. This will give loss to the company. Hence it is necessary that aggregate demand and aggregate production should be same for best possible result of the aggregate planning The difference in aggregates sales and operation planning in different industries An aggregate sale is the term that is associated with the factor of aggregate planning in different possible modes. This can either be defined in long-range planning, intermediate-range planning, or short-range planning. This process is entirely dependent on the type of organization that is being taken into consideration. This is due to the fact that its predecessor, i.e. operations planning will be highly influenced by the type of organization and the industry it is operating. Also the fact that aggregate sales is the final outcome that is dependent on a number of variables and can be maximized by improving the efficiency of all the operating units in a well coordinated manner. Operations planning and sales are the two aspects that are related with each other to a core extent. Thus various facets of operations like MPS (Master Production Schedule), MRP (Material Requirements Planning), Rough cut Capacity Planning, Capacity Requirements Planning, and Ordering Scheduling can be held responsible for enhancing the aggregate sales of an organization, thus making it possible to gain an upper edge over its competitors. This can be explained with the help of IT industry and Telecommunication sector. An organization operating in Information Technology sector mainly considers human resource as its most important asset. Thus most of the aspects of operation are related to this particular factor only without taking any other feature into consideration. This makes Human Resource Manager as one of the highly influential authority in operations management and planning procedure that in turn is liable to raise aggregate sales of the company while in case telecommunication sector there are certain changes. In this case employees working in the organization plays an important role, but not as crucial as in previous case. In this particular industry, technological perspective that is a part of inventory is one major part required in this sector from operations point of view. This can also be understood from the fact that aggregate sale is the outcome that is generated by offering a specific or diversified service or product to its customers by an organization. Thus it has to be understood that it is just acting as a front end and should possess high end coordination with its source that is operational units and it entirely responsible for taking care of the production associated with the service or product of the company. (Frequently Asked Questions About Sales and Operations Planning) This can further be clarified by taking into account textile industry. Textile industry is one of its kind as for this particular industry it is highly inevitable to maintain quality standards at different sections of production. Various sources of raw material act as an elementary part for the operations management to be taken appropriate care. Its aggregate sales are quite difficult to retain as compared to many other industries as it is highly prone to external problems which may result in loosing fate in the competitive scenario. Due to this extremely high inter-dependency, aggregate sales and operations planning seems to be same but they are highly different from each other that have to be taken proper care in best possible manner for overall development of the organization. In this particular case factors like production rate, workforce level, inventory on hand, and production planning will be the factors that will be acting as prime contributors in making operational part to b e a successful implementation for the organization operating in this domain. It will further be taking supply of raw material sources like polyester, etc for making it possible that operations are carried out in best possible manner without creating any ambiguity in the vicinity. While aggregate sales will take relevant costs associated with all the above mentioned parameters into account so as to maximize this particular feature and define proficiency of the company among its rivals. This can be explained further with the help of a characteristic adopted by certain companies following JIT (Just in Time) approach. This approach laid its prime focus over inventory management in order to make sure that operational aspects of the company are handled in best possible manner and minimum possible time. This saves a number of expenses of the company which otherwise it has to carry like warehousing, etc. This approach can be applied in any organization working in any domain but it will be s uccessful only when different departments working together are present in highly close vicinity. This has to be made sure that this meticulous prerequisite is satisfied in every possible manner otherwise this approach will fail deliberately. This approach is generally followed Japanese companies because of readily available material in the market and will probably fail in case it is applied in UAE because of completely different scenario. This define difference in the operation planning and aggregate sales in an explicit manner as aim to maximize aggregate sales remains same for all the companies while operations planning depends on a number of factors. As for example, region in which that particular organization is operating makes an intense affect on the type of market and clientele it is serving. There is also a possibility that different industries are entirely reliant over its operational part while rest of them makes very minute dependency over its operational aspects, which d emonstrate main difference between these characteristics in a well defined manner and cannot be ignored. Echelon of difference may vary from low to high extent and should be taken care appositely as it is one of the most important features for an organization regardless of its industry. The importance of choosing the right strategy to plan operations The function of operations plan or strategy is to provide a map for the operations task so that it can build the most excellent use of its assets and resources. Operations strategy states the plans and policies for utilizing the firms resources to hold its long-standing competitive strategy. The figure provided below shows this association. It is to keep in brain that the operations task is accountable for managing the resources required to create the companys services and goods. Operations strategy is the map that specifies the plan and use of assets to bear the business strategy. This comprises the location, dimension, and type of facilities obtainable; employee skills and talents necessary; utilization of technology, special equipment, special processes needed; and quality control techniques. It is necessary that the operations strategy of the firm must be associated with the firms business strategy and facilitate the firm to attain its long-term goals. Now as different companies has different values to parameters like size, location, skill requirement of workers, types of facility for production and goals to be achieved, it is clear that both the appropriate selection of operation strategy and industry specific selection of operation strategy is necessary for the firm. For instance, the business strategy of a company called FedEx, the globes largest provider of accelerated delivery services, is to fight on time and reliability of deliveries. Talking about the operations strategy of the company, the operation strategy of FedEx formed a plan for resources to hold its business plan or strategy. To provide pace of delivery, the company acquired its personal convoy of airplanes. To provide reliability of deliveries, the company invested in complicated bar code machinery to footpath all packages. The significance of choosing right Operations Strategies: Operations plan did not come to the vanguard until the early 1970s. Till that time, companies in United States highlighted mass manufacturing of standard product intends. Till that time, there were absence of any grave international rivals, and companies in United States were pretty much free to sell anything they created. Yet, that altered in the year 1970s and 1980s. Japanese firms entered the market and began presenting products of better quality at lesser cost, and U.S. firms lost market capture to their Asian counterparts. In an effort to stay alive, many U.S. firms copied Japanese techniques. Unluckily, just copying these techniques often proved ineffective; it took time to actually understand Japanese techniques. It became obvious that Japanese companies were extra aggressive since of their operations strategy; which is, all their assets and resources were exclusively designed to openly support the firms general strategic plan. In a review, Michael Porter, a professor at Harva rd Business School says that firms often do not recognize the dissimilarity between strategy and operational efficiency. Operational efficiency is doing operations tasks fine, even superior than opponents. On the other hand, Strategy is a map for staying in the marketplace. A likeness might be that of organizing a race capably, but it might be the incorrect race. Strategy is crucial in kind of race you will triumph. Strategy and Operational efficiency must be united; otherwise one may be very competently performing the incorrect task. The function of operations plan or say strategy is to make certain that all the odd jobs performed by the process function are the correct tasks. Think about a software business that freshly invested thousands of dollars in budding software with features or services not provided by opponents, only to determine that these were services customers did not predominantly desire. Now that we recognize the sense of operations strategy and business strategy and their significance, it is clear that the software firm introduced here has performed the operation of developing new features very professionally but is not the correct task as people are not very interest ed in the new features developed. Inputs required to the production planning process: The production planning process is an aggregate process which depends on a number of factors internal and external to the organization. If we define these factors, they are basically the manpower, technical planning like engineering and maintenance planning, information of marketing, quality control, investment planning and distribution planning, These factors can be categorized into two parts: internal and external to the organization. Talking about the internal inputs to the production planning process, it may include manpower availability, machinery, and technology. Talking about the external requirements of the planning process, this includes factors like financial availability, demand/marketing estimation, distributors, customer expectation of quality and distributors. The correlation between these variables and production planning process can be shown by the following diagram. It is clear form the diagram that both internal and external factors and say internal and external inputs defined above are essential parameters of production planning process. Strategies to meet demand Cut and Try Method: Cut and try method can be seen as one of the popular and easy to handle methods for the aggregate planning. This strategy helps the company to analyze the status of the project planning under different consideration. The basic structure of the plans assists the analysts to come to a conclusion to what plan could be successful under which circumstances. The various aspects of the project planning are highlighted and it becomes more effective for the management to take decision regarding the planning. The working of the cut and try method can be studied as four different strategies deployed in the aggregate plan work sheet. These are as follows: Production Plan 1 or The Chase strategy: This particular section of the method employs two very significant parameters namely, workforce and production. It analyses the situation under the condition when the exact production is given but the workforce is varying. It checks the ratio between rate of production and the order rate. In other ways, it could be said that it studies the effect which could be caused on this ratio by hiring employees and by laying them off as per requirement varies. Production Plan 2 or the Stable Workforce strategy: This method of the cut and try involves the constant workforce. In this the case the factor which varies includes inventories and stock-outs. The variation in output is caused because of variation in the working hours the employees due to the non-rigidity in the time schedules allowing overtimes and an altering number of hours of work. Production Plan 3 or the Level strategy: This technique employs low workforce which is constant in nature. This is realized with the help of Subcontracting. In this strategy, output rate or the production rate is constant and the workforce is also invariant. All the shortages or excess or in other words surpluses are absorbed by the fluctuations caused in the various levels of the inventory, backlog in the order and the sales which were lost. Production Plan 4 or the mixed strategy: Overall objective of this method is to optimize cost which it does by employing multiple strategies mentioned previously, two or more, together. It schedules overtime and also the workforce is kept constant. Now let us consider the example of The CA J Company. Generally a company which has a pronounced seasonal variation plans its production for whole one year. This is so that the extreme demands of the busiest and slowest months can be captured altogether. In this, companys plan for six months has been illustrated. Similarly data[i] for remaining parameters is taken as: Materials: Rs. 100.00/unit Inventory holding cost: Rs. 1.50/unit/month Marginal cost of stock-out: Rs. 5.00/unit/month And so on. Software like, Microsoft excel make the calculation more convenient. However, it should always be taken care that cut and try method might not always give optimum solution Software available nowadays can give more optimized results as they are more sophisticated. Aggregate Planning Applied to Services: Tucson Parks and Recreation Department Aggregate planning can be applied to various services so as to get the optimum and the most beneficiary solution. These can be implemented using charted techniques or methods involving the graphical representations of the plans. Such techniques are employed by the Tucson parks and recreation department. The main objective of this firm is to demonstrate the citys department of parks and recreation can be involve alternatives of the employees working full-time as well as the part time employees and also utilizing benefits of the subcontracting techniques in order to fulfill its commitment to provide a useful service to the city. This institution is required to maintain and produce open spaces, gardens, tennis courts, pools, all recreational centers and so on. The data used in the example is as follows: The total budget is allocated of Rs. 9,760,000. The number of the full time employees is 336. Among these 336, 216 employees are such that they are full time permanent personnel who involved with working of maintenance all the year round and are responsible for the administration. The remaining 120 full time employees are divided into two sections. They are staffed with part timers. About three-quarters of these are deployed in summers and the remaining one-quarter work in spring, fall, and winters seasons. The three fourth or 90 full time employees turn up about 800 part time jobs of summers like those of lifeguards, instructors in some children schools or training programs and baseball umpires, etc. Part time jobs last for a month or two while full time employers last for whole one year. Hence considering many other factors and the data, we can conclude that the department is open to the following three options regarding the development: The present method is continued. According to which, they have to maintain full time employees at a medium level and hence schedule work in the off seasons ( such reconstructing baseball fields in the months of winters) and then use them as a part time assistance during peak seasons. Second option is to maintain a low level of the staff around the year. Whenever there is a requirement of more staff, technique of subcontracting could be used. All additional works currently done by full time employees with the assistance of part time employees. Third option is to hire only administrative staff and subcontract all the remaining work with the help of the part time staff people. This technique will consequently result in contracts to various landscaping firms and companies responsible for maintaining pools and will also give